Characterization of chemical profiles in Cannabis sativa: evaluation of a popular extraction method to identify chemotypes

Authors

  • Jorge Daniel Jara Villamayor Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas. San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
  • Francisco Ferreira Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas. San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
  • Alfredo Andrés Acosta Fernández Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas. San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
  • Alan Salinas Evona Paraguay. Av. Monseñor Rodríguez Esq. Herminio Giménez, Km 4.5, Ciudad del Este, Alto Paraná 7000, Paraguay
  • Mariana Guadalupe Vallejo Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Unidad de Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Córdoba, Argentina.
  • Andrea Alejandra Arrúa Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas. San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. San Lorenzo, Paraguay. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-2120

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56152/StevianaFacenV15N2A3_2024

Keywords:

Cannabis sativa, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Molecular markers, Chemotypes

Abstract

This study addresses the characterization of cannabinoids in different Cannabis sativa varieties cultivated in Paraguay, focusing on determining the ratio between the primary phytocannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Using advanced high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, cannabis extracts were analyzed, identifying significant variations in cannabinoid concentrations that highlight the intrinsic chemical diversity
among the studied varieties. Additionally, homemade extraction methods were evaluated, using ethanol and cold maceration, followed by low-temperature solvent evaporation. The results showed variable CBD ratios, indicating the suitability of the extracts for therapeutic and industrial applications (hemp or non-psychoactive cannabis). The research was conducted considering national regulations, ensuring the integrity and applicability of the findings. This work not only contributes to the existing scientific corpus on cannabis but also emphasizes the importance of research aimed at optimizing its
cultivation and medicinal use, aligned with national interests expressed in Decree No. 3999.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andre, C. M., Hausman, J. F., & Guerriero, G. (2016). Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7(19), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00019

Backes, M. (2019). La Farmacia Cannabica: guía práctica para el uso de la marihuana medicinal (Pampa Book).

Baratta, F., Simiele, M., Pignata, I., Enri, L. R., Torta, R., De Luca, A., Collino, M., D’Avolio, A., & Brusa, P. (2019). Development of standard operating protocols for the optimization of cannabis-based formulations for medical purposes. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10(JUN), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00701

Beadle, A. (2020). Scientists Pinpoint Ideal Decarboxylation Conditions to Maximize THCand CBD. Analytical Cannabis. https://

www.analyticalcannabis.com/news/scientists-pinpoint-ideal-decarboxylation-conditions-to-maximize-thc-and-cbd-312843#:~:-

text=The ideal reaction conditions to,and ther unidentified byproducts

Bevan, L., Jones, M., & Zheng, Y. (2021). Optimisation of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium for Soilless Production of Cannabis

sativa in the Flowering Stage Using Response Surface Analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12(November). https://doi.org/10.3389/

fpls.2021.764103

Bolaños Herrera, A., Quirós Campos, S., Sánchez, L. A., & O’Bryan, D. (2020). Proyecto: Evaluacion preliminar de cultivares de cáñamo industrial (Cannabis sativa L.) en dos regiones de Costa Rica. https://www.mag.go.cr/bibliotecavirtual/f01-11127.pdf

Bugvila, C. D. (2022). Análisis comparativo de diferentes métodos de extracción Cannabis [Trabajo Final de grado, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (UNLP)]. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/148027

Burstein, S. (2015). Cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: a review of their effects on inflammation. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry,

(7), 1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMC.2015.01.059

Casajuana Kögel, C., López-Pelayo, H., Balcells-Olivero, M. M., Colom, J., y Gual, A. (2016). Constituyentes psicoactivos del Cannabis

y sus implicaciones clínicas: Una revisión sistemática. Adicciones, 30(2), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.858

Danziger, N., & Bernstein, N. (2021). Plant architecture manipulation increases cannabinoid standardization in ‘drug-type’ medical

Cannabis. Industrial Crops and Products, 167(April), 113528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113528

Decreto 3999, 5 (2020). https://baselegal.com.py/docs/3691e95d-33ee-11eb-a564-525400c761ca

Díaz Rojo, J. A. (2004). Las denominaciones del cáñamo: un problema terminológico y lexicográfico. Revista de Lexicografía, 10, 65–79. https://doi.org/10.17979/RLEX.2004.10.0.5561

Duran Delmás, M., & Capellá Hereu, D. (2004). Uso terapéutico de los cannabinoides. Adicciones,16(2), 143–152.

Eyal, A. M., Berneman Zeitouni, D., Tal, D., Schlesinger, D., Davidson, E. M., & Raz, N. (2023). Vapor Pressure, Vaping, and Corrections

to Misconceptions Related to Medical Cannabis’ Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients’Physical Properties and Compositions. Cannabis

and Cannabinoid Research, 8(3), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2021.0173

Flota Vásquez, F. (2021). Una breve historia del Cannabis en tres partes. Desde el Herbario CICY, 30, 189–194. https://www.cicy.mx/Documentos/CICY/Desde_Herbario/2021/2021-09-30-Vazquez-Flota-Una-breve-historia-del-cannabis.pdf

Fragoso, Y. D., Carra, A., & Macias, M. A. (2020). Cannabis and multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 20(8),

–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1776610

Garat, G. (2016). Paraguay: la tierra escondida. Examen del mayor productor de Cannabis de América del Sur. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung,

–28. https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/paraguay_fes_final.pdf

García-Tejero, I. F., Hernández, A., Ferreiro-Vera, C., Zuazo, V. H. D., García, J. H., Sánchez-Carnerero, C., & Casano, S. (2020). Yield of new hemp varieties for medical purposes under semi-arid Mediterranean environment conditions. Comunicata Scientiae, 11(April), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i0.3264

García-valverde, M. T., Callado, C. S., Díaz-liñán, M. C., Medina, V. S. De, Hidalgo-garcía, J., Nadal, X., & Hanu, L. (2022). Effect

of temperature in the degradation of cannabinoids : From a brief residence in the gas chromatography inlet port to a longer period

in thermal treatments. Frontiers in Chemistry, November, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.1038729

IP, A. (2022, enero 11). Paraguay amplía exportación de productos derivados del cáñamo a EE.UU y Europa. Agencia de Información

Paraguaya. https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/paraguay-amplia-exportacion-de-productos-derivados-del-canamo-a-ee-uu-y-europa/

Isah, T. (2019). Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biological research, 52(1), 39. https://doi.

org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3

Jara Villamayor, J. J., Fernández Río, D., Colmán, A. A., Moura-Mendes, J., Vallejo, M. G., & Arrua, A. A. (2022). Cannabis en Paraguay,

presente y perspectivas. Investigaciones y Estudios - UNA, 2(13), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.47133/ieuna22207b

Kindred, J. H., Li, K., Ketelhut, N. B., Proessl, F., Fling, B. W., Honce, J. M., Shaffer, W. R., & Rudroff, T. (2017). Cannabis use in people

with Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis: A web-based investigation. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 33, 99–104.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.07.002

Klir, Ž., Novoselec, J., & Antunović, Z. (2019). An overview on the use of hemp (Cannabis

sativa L.) in animal nutrition. Poljoprivreda, 25(2), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.18047/POLJO. 25.2.8

La Nación. (2021, julio 23). Paraguay hace historia en Latinoamérica: primer país exportador de alimentos de cáñamo industrial. La Nación, Paraguay. https://www.lanacion.com.py/negocios/2021/07/23/paraguay-hace-historia-en-latinoamerica-primer-pais-exportador-de-alimentos-de-canamo-industrial/

Lasser, I. S. (2021, julio 26). Paraguay, el primer país latinoamericano en exportar cáñamo. Industria Cannabis. https://www.industriacannabis.com.ar/es/paraguay-primer-pais-latinoamericano-exportar-canamo/

Ley No 6007/2017, 5 (2017). https://www.mspbs.gov.py/dnvs/todo-sobre-el-cannabis.html

Miltos Ugarte, R. D. (2020). Métodos de análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de aceite de cannabis medicinal en Paraguay [Universidad

Nacional de Asunción]. https://www.cnc.una.py/opac/cliente.cgi?codbiblio=BCT&orderby=&mode=full&last_mode=brief&last_limit=

&last_next_rec=1&last_cclquery=au%-3D%28Miltos+and+Ugarte%2C+and+Rodrigo+and+Daniel.%29&last_codbiblio=TODAS&last_cant_total_reg=2&cclquery=ln%3D206471618

Olejar, K. J., & Kinney, C. A. (2021). Evaluation of thermo-chemical conversion temperatures of cannabinoid acids in hemp (Cannabis

sativa L .) biomass by pressurized liquid extraction. Journal of Cannabis Research, 3(40). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-021-00098-6

Resolución DNVS 65, (2021). https://dinavisa.gov.py/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Resolucion-DNVS-N-65-2021.pdf

Rodriguez-Morrison, V., Llewellyn, D., & Zheng, Y. (2021). Cannabis Yield, Potency, and Leaf Photosynthesis Respond Differently to Increasing Light Levels in an Indoor Environment. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12(May), 1–16.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.646020

Resolucion No718, 18 (2019). https://www.mspbs.gov.py/dependencias/dnvs/adjunto/ea0a99-RESSENAVE718.pdf

Seo, C., Jeong, M., Lee, S., Kim, E. J., Rho, S., Cho, M., Lee, Y. S., & Hong, J. (2022). Thermal decarboxylation of acidic cannabinoids

in Cannabis species: identification of transformed cannabinoids by UHPLC-Q/TOF–MS. Journal of Analytical Science and

Technology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-022-00351-4

Suero-García, C., Martín-Banderas, L., & Holgado, M. Á. (2015). Efecto neuroprotector de los cannabinoides en las enfermedades

neurodegenerativas. Ars Pharmaceutica, 56(2), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.4321/s2340-98942015000200002

Sytsma, K. J., Morawetz, J., Chris Pires, J., Nepokroeff, M., Conti, E., Zjhra, M., Hall, J. C., & Chase, M. W. (2002). Urticalean rosids:

Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany,

(9), 1531–1546. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531

Teterycz, D., Sobota, A., Przygodzka, D., & Lysakowska, P. (2021). Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) enriched pasta: Physicochemical

properties and quality evaluation. PLoS ONE, 16(3 March), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248790

Uranga, E. (2021). Paraguay se mantiene como principal productor de marihuana de Sudamérica. Global Affairs and Strategic Studies.

https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/paraguay-se-mantiene-como-principal-productor-de-marihuana-de-sudamerica-3#

Wang, B., Kovalchuk, A., Li, D., Rodriguez-Juarez, R., Ilnytskyy, Y., Kovalchuk, I., Kovalchuk, O., Kovalchuk, A., Kovalchuk,

I., Kovalchuk, O., Wang, B., Li, D., Rodriguez-Juarez, R., Ilnytskyy, Y., Kovalchuk, I., Kovalchuk, O., & Kovalchuk, A. (2020). In search of preventive strategies: novel high-CBD Cannabis sativa extracts modulate ACE2 expression in COVID-19 gateway tissues.

Aging, 12(22), 22425–22440. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202225

Yang, M. Q., van Velzen, R. V., Bakker, F. T., Sattarian, A., Li, D. Z., & Yi, T. S. (2013). Molecular Phylogenetics and character evolution

of Cannabaceae. Taxon, 62(3), 473–485. https://doi.org/10.12705/623.9

Published

2024-07-03

How to Cite

Jara Villamayor, J. D., Ferreira, F., Acosta Fernández, A. A., Salinas, A., Vallejo, M. G., & Arrúa, A. A. (2024). Characterization of chemical profiles in Cannabis sativa: evaluation of a popular extraction method to identify chemotypes. Steviana , 15(2), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.56152/StevianaFacenV15N2A3_2024

Issue

Section

Artículos Originales de Fitoquímica

Similar Articles

1 2 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)