Migración laboral y niños abandonados: perspectivas psicoanalíticas interculturales sobre las familias transnacionales
PDF
Abstract MP3 (Inglés)

Palabras clave

Migración laboral
niños que se quedan atrás
ansiedad
depresión
creencias culturales
crianza de los hijos
psicoanálisis

Cómo citar

Migración laboral y niños abandonados: perspectivas psicoanalíticas interculturales sobre las familias transnacionales. (2025). Kera Yvoty: Reflexiones Sobre La cuestión Social, 10, e6308. https://doi.org/10.54549/ky.2025.10.e6308

Resumen

La migración se entiende como un fenómeno global que involucra múltiples culturas. En nuestro artículo, nos preguntamos y exploramos cómo las familias atraviesan el proceso de la migración transnacional y cómo lo viven. Como psicoterapeutas y psicoanalistas, destacamos que son las familias las que inician y llevan a cabo la migración y las que asumen las oportunidades, los riesgos, los retos y los complejos procesos de adaptación psicológica y cultural, tanto en el país de destino como en el de origen. Aquí reunimos las perspectivas de las familias transnacionales de Camboya, un país de ingresos medios, en situación de posconflicto y país de origen de la migración en el sudeste asiático, y las perspectivas de las familias inmigrantes en Alemania como país de destino de la migración. Dado que el tema de la migración laboral y los niños que quedan atrás es de relevancia mundial, analizamos brevemente los aspectos sociológicos relacionados con otra región afectada, el Corredor Seco de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras, centrándonos en las desigualdades estructurales específicas del contexto y en los retos y recomendaciones para las políticas. 

PDF
Abstract MP3 (Inglés)

Referencias

Abubakar, I., Aldridge, R. W., Devakumar, D., Orcutt, M., Burns, R., Barreto, M. L., Dhavan, P., Fouad, F. M., Groce, N., Guo, Y., Hargreaves, S., Knipper, M., Miranda, J. J., Madise, N., Kumar, B., Mosca, D., McGovern, T., Rubenstein, L., Sammonds, P., Sawyer, S. M., … UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health. (2018). The UCL-Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: The health of a world on the move. Lancet (London, England), 392(10164), 2606-2654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32114-7

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.

Anagnostaki, L., & Zaharia, A. (2020). A psychoanalytic and qualitative research on immigrants' left-behind children: I understand why they left, but why did they leave? International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 17(4), 332-345. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.1646

Anderson, E., & Grace, K. (2018). From schoolgirls to virtuous Khmer women: Interrogating Chbab Srey and gender in Cambodian education policy. Studies in Social Justice, 12(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v12i2.1626

Antić, A. (2021). Transcultural psychiatry: Cultural difference, universalism and social psychiatry in the age of decolonisation. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 45(3), 359-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09719-4

Asian Development Bank. (2016). Asian Development Outlook 2016: Asia's potential growth. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/182221/ado2016.pdf

Assion, H. J., Stompe, T., Aichberger, M. C., & Graef-Calliess, I. T. (2018). Depressive Störungen. En W. Machleidt, U. Kluge, M. Sieberer, & A. Heinz (Eds.), Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und seelische Gesundheit (pp. 395-415). Elsevier.

Belsky, J. (1999). Modern evolutionary theory and patterns of attachment. En J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 141-161). Guilford Press.

Best, P., Maddock, A., Ean, N., Montgomery, L., Armour, C., Mulholland, C., & Blair, C. (2024). Developing and testing a community based, online vs. face-to-face peer led intervention to improve mental well-being in Cambodian adults with physical disabilities. Frontiers in Digital Health, 6, Article 1372062. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1372062

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Hogarth Press.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. Hogarth Press.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. Hogarth Press.

Brickell, K., & Springer, S. (2017). The handbook of contemporary Cambodia. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736709

Brickell, K. (2017). Violence against women and girls in Cambodia. En K. Brickell & S. Springer (Eds.), The handbook of contemporary Cambodia (pp. 294-305). Routledge.

Brickell, K. (2011). The 'Stubborn Stain' on Development: Gendered Meanings of Housework (Non-)Participation in Cambodia. Journal of Development Studies, 47(9), 1353-1370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2010.527955

Carling, J., Menjívar, C., & Schmalzbauer, L. (2012). Central themes in the study of transnational parenthood. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(2), 191-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2012.646417

Central Intelligence Agency. (2020). The world factbook: Cambodia. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/

Czymoniewicz-Klippel, M. T. (2016). Children, childhood and youth in contemporary Cambodia. En K. Brickell & S. Springer (Eds.), Handbook of contemporary Cambodia (pp. 326-335). Routledge.

Demiralay, C., & Aichberger, M. (2018). Akkulturation. En W. Machleidt, U. Kluge, M. Sieberer, & A. Heinz (Eds.), Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und seelische Gesundheit (pp. 77-81). Elsevier.

Dreby, J. (2006). Honor and virtue: Mexican transnational parenting in the transnational context. Gender and Society, 20(1), 32-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205283054

Dreby, J. (2010). Divided by borders: Mexican migrants and their children. University of California Press.

Duschinsky, R., & White, S. (2020). Trauma and loss: Key texts from the John Bowlby Archive. Routledge.

Eisenbruch, M. (1992). The ritual space of patients and traditional healers in Cambodia. Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, 79(2), 283-316. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1992.1882

Fellmeth, G., Rose-Clarke, K., Zhao, C., Busert, L. K., Zheng, Y., Massazza, A., Sonmez, H., Eder, B., Blewitt, A., Lertgrai, W., Orcutt, M., Ricci, K., Mohamed-Ahmed, O., Burns, R., Knipe, D., Hargreaves, S., Hesketh, T., Opondo, C., & Devakumar, D. (2018). Health impacts of parental migration on left-behind children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 392(10164), 2567-2582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32558-3

Field, N. P., Om, C., Kim, T., & Vorn, S. (2011). Second generation effects of genocide stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia: An attachment perspective. Attachment and Human Development, 13(6), 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2011.609015

Field, N. P., Muong, S., & Sochanvimean, V. (2013). Parental styles in the intergenerational transmission of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12057

Fu, Y., Xiao, Y., Du, M., Mao, C., Fu, G., Yang, L., Liu, X., Sweeney, J. A., Lui, S., & Yan, Z. (2019). Brain structural alterations in left-behind children: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 13, Article 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2019.00033

Fuller, H. R. (2017). The emotional toll of out-migration on mothers and fathers left behind in Mexico. International Migration, 55(3), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12335

Gaertner, B., Laezer, K. L., Tischer, I., & Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2014). Mutter und Kind in depressiver Verklammerung – drei Fallstudien zur frühen Genese des sogenannten ADH-Syndroms sowie der Störung des Sozialverhaltens. Zeitschrift für Analytische Kinder- und Jugendlichen Psychotherapie, 164(4), 521-559.

Gershy, N., & Gray, S. (2020). Parental emotion regulation and mentalization in families of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(14), 2084-2099. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718763593

Gourley, S. (2009). The middle way: Bridging the gap between Cambodian culture and children's rights. NGO Committee on the Rights of the Child.

Graham, E., Jordan, L., & Yeoh, B. (2015). Parental migration and the mental health of those who stay behind to care for children in South-East Asia. Social Science and Medicine, 132, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.028

Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health intervention: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 43(4), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.531

Halperin, S. (2004). The relevance of immigration in the psychodynamic formulation of psychotherapy with immigrants. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 1(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.62

Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X

Herzberg, Q., & Herzberg, L. (2012). Chinese proverbs and popular sayings: With observations on culture and language. Stone Bridge Press.

Hinton, A. L. (1998). A head for an eye: Revenge in the Cambodian genocide. American Ethnologist, 25(3), 352-377. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1998.25.3.352

Hinton, D. E., Hinton, A. L., Eng, K. T., & Chung, S. (2012). PTSD and key somatic complaints and cultural syndromes among rural Cambodians. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 26(3), 383-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2012.01224.x

Hirsch, M. (2017). Schuld und Schuldgefühl: Zur Psychoanalyse von Trauma und Introjekt. Vandenhoek & Ruprecht.

Hirsch, M. (1993). Das Fremde als unassimiliertes Introjekt. En U. Streeck (Ed.), Das Fremde in der Psychoanalyse: Erkundungen über das Andere in Seele, Körper und Kultur (pp. 213-224). Verlag J. Pfeiffer.

Hoegger Klaus, E., & Laezer, K. L. (2021). Zum Einfluss der Traumafolgestörungen von Müttern auf die Identitätsbildung bei Kindern: Ein Beitrag aus der PPCIC-Studie (Parenting and Parent-Child Interactions in Three Generations after the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia). Kinderanalyse, 30, 28-52. https://doi.org/10.21706/ka-30-1-28

Hoegger Klaus, E., & Laezer, K. L. (2022). Zum Einfluss der Traumafolgestörungen von Müttern auf die Identitätsbildung bei Kindern: Ein Beitrag aus der PPCIC-Studie (Parenting and Parent-Child Interactions in Three Generations after the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia). Kinderanalyse, 30(1), 28-52. https://doi.org/10.21706/ka-30-1-28

Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2001). Domestica: Immigrant workers cleaning and caring in the shadows of affluence. University of California Press.

Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Avila, E. (1997). I'm here but I'm there: The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender and Society, 11(5), 548-571. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124397011005003

Hopf, H. (2007). Zwischen Empathie und Grenzsetzung: Überlegungen zur Psychodynamik und Behandlungstechnik bei psychoanalytischen Therapien von hyperaktiven Störungen. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 56(4), 333-355.

Inter-American Development Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Programme, International Organization for Migration, & Organization of American States. (2017). Food security and emigration: Why people flee and the impact on family members left behind in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000022124/download/

Huang, X., Dou, Y., Duan, X., Du, Y., Wu, T., Wang, X., & Zhang, J. (2021). Impact of parent-child separation on children's social-emotional development: A cross-sectional study of left-behind children in poor rural areas of China. BMC Public Health, 21(1), Article 823. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10831-8

International Organization for Migration. (2020). World migration report 2020. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2020

International Organization for Migration Cambodia, Louvain Cooperation, & Plan International. (2019). Migration impacts on Cambodian children and families left behind. https://www.louvaincooperation.org/sites/default/files/2020-08/Migration%20impacts%20on%20cambodian%20children-MHICCAF%20REPORT.pdf

Jampaklay, A., Richter, K., Tangchonlatip, K., & Nanthamongkolchai, S. (2018). The impact of parental absence on early childhood development in the context of Thailand. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 27(2), 209-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196818768235

Keller, H. (2013). Attachment and culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112472253

Keller, H., Borke, J., Yovsi, R., Lohaus, A., & Jensen, H. (2005). Cultural orientations and historical changes as predictors of parenting behaviour. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(3), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650250544000017

Keller, H., Hentschel, E., Yovsi, R. D., Lamm, B., Abels, M., & Haas, V. (2004). The psycho-linguistic embodiment of parental ethnotheories: A new avenue to understanding cultural processes in parental reasoning. Culture & Psychology, 10(3), 293-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X04042890

Kelley, B. (1996). Cultural considerations in Cambodian childrearing. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 10(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5245(96)90067-X

Kiernan, B. (2008). The Pol Pot regime: Race, power, and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-1979. Yale University Press.

Kutalek, R., & Prinz, A. (2018). Kulturelle Syndrome und kulturell gebundene Leidenskonzepte. En W. Machleidt, U. Kluge, M. Sieberer, & A. Heinz (Eds.), Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und seelische Gesundheit (pp. 451-462). Elsevier.

Laezer, K. L., & Hoegger Klaus, E. (2017). Individuelles und kollektives Trauma: Eine Spurensuche zu den psychischen Folgen des Khmer-Rouge-Regimes im heutigen Kambodscha. En B. Bretthauer, S. Lenz, & J. Werdes (Eds.), Kambodscha: Ein politisches Lesebuch (pp. 37-47). Regiospectra Verlag.

Laezer, K. L., Tischer, I., Gaertner, B., & Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2021). Psychoanalytische Behandlungen ohne Medikation und verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlungen mit und ohne Medikation von Kindern mit der Diagnose ADHS und/oder Störung des Sozialverhaltens. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 70(6), 498-518. https://doi.org/10.13109/prkk.2021.70.6.498

Laimböck, A. (2013). Szenisches Verstehen, Unbewusste und frühe Störungen. Psyche: Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen, 67(4), 325-345.

Lawreniuk, S., & Parsons, L. (2017). Mother, grandmother, migrant: Elder translocality and the renegotiation of household roles in Cambodia. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 49(7), 1664-1683. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17704197

Lenart, J. C., St. Claire, P. A., & Bell, M. A. (1991). Child rearing knowledge, beliefs and practices of Cambodian refugees. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 5(6), 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5245(91)90004-A

Leuzinger-Bohleber, M., & Parens, H. (2018). Editorial: Special issue on trauma, flight and migration. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 15(3), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.1583

Li, K., Guang, Y., Ren, L., Zhan, X., Tan, X., Luo, X., & Feng, Z. (2021). Network analysis of the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in the left-behind children. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), Article 429. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03445-2

Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218-1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009

Lu, Y., Yeung, J. W.-J., Liu, J., & Treiman, D. J. (2019). Migration and children's psychosocial development in China: When and why migration matters. Social Science Research, 77, 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.10.001

Lv, L., Yan, F., Duan, C., & Cheng, M. (2018). Changing patterns and development challenges of child population in China. Population Research, 42(3), 65-78.

Machleidt, W., Kluge, U., Sieberer, M., & Heinz, A. (Eds.). (2018). Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und seelische Gesundheit. Elsevier.

Mayring, P., & Fenzl, T. (2019). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. En N. Baur & J. Blasius (Eds.), Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung. Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21308-4_42

McIlduff, C. D., Forster, M., Carter, E., Davies, J., Thomas, S., Turner, K. M., Brown Wilson, C., & Sanders, M. R. (2020). Model of engaging communities collaboratively: Working towards an integration of implementation science, cultural adaptation and engagement. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 13(1), 45-69. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v13i1.1346

McLaughlin, D., & Wickeri, E. (2012). Mental health and human rights in Cambodia. Leitner Center for International Law and Justice, Fordham Law School.

McQuade, J. D., & Breaux, R. P. (2017). Are elevations in ADHD symptoms associated with physiological reactivity and emotion dysregulation in children? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(6), 1091-1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0227-z

Mendenhall, E., Holmes, S. M., & Migration and Health in Social Context Working Group. (2021). Introduction: Migration and health in social context. BMJ Global Health, 6(Suppl 1), Article e005261. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005261

Miles, G., & Thomas, N. (2007). Don't grind an egg against a stone: Children's rights and violence in Cambodian history and culture. Child Abuse Review, 16(6), 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1010

Mollica, R. F., Brooks, R., Tor, S., Lopes-Cardozo, B., & Silove, D. (2014). The enduring mental health impact of mass violence: A community comparison study of Cambodian civilians living in Cambodia and Thailand. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012471597

Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yaspin, Y., Lavelle, J., Tor, S., Yang, T., Chan, S., Pham, T., Ryan, A., & de Marneffe, D. (1996). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) manual: Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese versions. Torture, 1(Suppl), 19-42.

Mollica, R. F., Wyshak, G., de Marneffe, D., Khuon, F., & Lavelle, J. (1987). Indochinese versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25: A screening instrument for psychiatric care of refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(4), 497-500. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.4.497

Mösko, M., Härter, M., & Bagado, I. B. (2018). Epidemiologie psychischer Störungen bei MigrantInnen. En W. Machleidt, U. Kluge, M. Sieberer, & A. Heinz (Eds.), Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und seelische Gesundheit (pp. 229-238). Elsevier.

Naidu, T. (2021). Says who? Northern ventriloquism, or epistemic disobedience in global health scholarship. The Lancet Global Health, 9(10), e1332-e1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00198-4

Otto, H., & Keller, H. (Eds.). (2018). Different faces of attachment: Cultural variations on a universal human need. Cambridge University Press.

Ovesen, J., Trankell, I. B., & Öjendal, J. (1996). When every household is an island: Social organization and power structures in rural Cambodia (Uppsala Research Reports in Cultural Anthropology No. 15). https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:71286/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Ovesen, J., & Trankell, I. (2010). Cambodians and their doctors: A medical anthropology of colonial and postcolonial Cambodia. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.

Owen, T., & Kiernan, B. (2006, octubre). Bombs over Cambodia. The Walrus, 62-69.

Parreñas, R. S. (2005). Children of global migration: Transnational families and gendered woes. Stanford University Press.

Parreñas, R. S. (2008). Transnational fathering: Gendered conflicts, distant disciplining and emotional gaps. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(7), 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802230356

Perry, K. E. (2022). The Thai-American duality: Reflections on roots, cultural humility, and knowledge production in global health. The Lancet Global Health, 10(4), e445-e447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00502-7

Pribilsky, J. (2007). La Chulla Vida: Gender, migration, and the family in Andean Ecuador and New York City. Syracuse University Press.

Reynolds, S. A., Fernald, L. C. H., Deardorff, J., & Behrman, J. R. (2018). Family structure and child development in Chile: A longitudinal analysis of household transitions involving fathers and grandparents. Demographic Research, 38, 1777-1814. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.58

Reyes, M. M. (2008). Migration and Filipino children left-behind: A literature review. UNICEF.

Sameroff, A. (2010). A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development, 81(1), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x

Samnang, S. (2017). Das beobachtende Auge: Scham im Alltag der Kambodschaner:Innen. En S. Bretthauer, S. Lenz, & J. Werdes (Eds.), Kambodscha: Ein politisches Lesebuch. Regiospectra.

Schmalzbauer, L. (2009). Gender on a new frontier: Mexican migration in the rural Mountain West. Gender and Society, 23(6), 747-767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209346563

Schneiders, M. L., Phou, M., Tun, V., Kelley, M., Parker, M., & Turner, C. (2021). Grandparent caregiving in Cambodian skip-generation households: Roles and impact on child nutrition. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(Suppl 1), Article e13169. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13169

Shi, H., Wang, Y., Li, M., Tan, C., Zhao, C., Huang, X., Dou, Y., Duan, X., Du, Y., Wu, T., Wang, X., & Zhang, J. (2021). Impact of parent-child separation on children's social-emotional development: A cross-sectional study of left-behind children in poor rural areas of China. BMC Public Health, 21(1), Article 823. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10831-8

Siriwardhana, C., Wickramage, K., Siribaddana, S., Vidanapathirana, P., Jayasekara, B., Weerawarna, S., Pannala, G., Adikari, A., Jayaweera, K., Pieris, S., & Sumathipala, A. (2015). Common mental disorders among adult members of 'left-behind' international migrant worker families in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health, 15, Article 299. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1632-6

Somasundaram, D. J., & van de Put, W. A. C. M. (1999). Mental health care in Cambodia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77(9), 849-857.

Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 173-178.

Sweileh, W. M., Wickramage, K., Pottie, K., Hui, C., Roberts, B., Sawalha, A. F., & Zyoud, S. H. (2018). Bibliometric analysis of global migration health research in peer-reviewed literature (2000-2016). BMC Public Health, 18, Article 777. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5689-x

Thapa, D. K., Visentin, D., Kornhaber, R., & Cleary, M. (2018). Migration of adult children and mental health of older parents 'left behind': An integrative review. PLoS ONE, 13(10), Article e0205665. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205665

Tischer, I., Laezer, K. L., Gaertner, B., & Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2014). Unter der Lupe betrachtet: Eine klinische Beschreibung charakteristischer Belastungsmomente der Kinder in der Frankfurter ADHS-Wirksamkeitsstudie. Zeitschrift für Analytische Kinder- und Jugendlichen Psychotherapie, 164(4), 495-519.

Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58(1), 17-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x

van der Horst, F., Zetterqvist Nelson, K., van Rosmalen, L., & van der Veer, R. (2020). A tale of four countries: How Bowlby used his trip through Europe to write the WHO report and spread his ideas. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 56(3), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.22016

Varvin, S. (2017). Our relations to refugees: Between compassion and dehumanization. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77(4), 359-377. https://doi.org/10.1057/s11231-017-9119-0

Varvin, S., Vladisavljević, I., Jović, V., & Sagbakken, M. (2022). I have no capacities that can help me: Young asylum seekers in Norway and Serbia—Flight as disturbance of developmental processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 786210. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786210

Wei, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Luo, S., & Wang, X. (2018). Caregiver's depressive symptoms and young children's socioemotional development delays: A cross-sectional study in poor rural areas of China. Infant Mental Health Journal, 39(2), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21702

Weisner, T. S. (2018). The socialization of trust: Plural caregiving and diverse pathways in human development across cultures. En H. Otto & H. Keller (Eds.), Different faces of attachment: Cultural variations on a universal human need (pp. 263-277). Cambridge University Press.

Whitehead, A., & Hashim, I. (2005). Children and migration: Background paper for DFID migration team. https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/6555/briefing%2061.pdf

Wolf, D. L. (2002). There's no place like home: Emotional transnationalism and the struggle of second-generation Filipinos. En P. Levitt & M. C. Waters (Eds.), The changing face of home: The transnational lives of the second generation (pp. 255-294). Russell Sage Foundation.

World Bank. (2023). Towards better labor migration systems in Northern Central America. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099071923173013763/pdf/P1782210070cab0060954500421188affde.pdf

World Food Programme, Inter-American Development Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Organization for Migration, & Organization of American States. (2017). Food security and emigration: Why people flee and the impact on family members left behind in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000022124/download/

Yabiku, S. T., & Agadjanian, V. (2017). Father's labour migration and children's school discontinuation in rural Mozambique. International Migration, 55(4), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12331

Zentgraf, K. M., & Chinchilla, N. S. (2012). Transnational family separation: A framework for analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(2), 345-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.646421

Zhang, J., Guo, S., Li, Y., Wei, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., Quan, M., Luo, R., & Zhao, C. (2018). Factors influencing developmental delay among young children in poor rural China: A latent variable approach. BMJ Open, 8(8), Article e021628. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021628

Zhong, J., Gao, J., Liu, C., Huang, J., & Luo, R. (2019). Quantity-quality trade-off and early childhood development in rural family: Evidence from China's Guizhou Province. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), Article 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071307

Zhong, J., Kuhn, L., Wang, T., Liu, C., & Luo, R. (2020). The interrelationships between parental migration, home environment, and early child development in rural China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), Article 3862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113862

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.

Derechos de autor 2025 Katrin Luise Laezer, Thida Kim, Elizabeth Högger Klaus