Potenciales agentes terapéuticos contra el COVID-19 basados en el bloqueo e inhibición del ciclo de vida viral y en el síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18004/anales/2020.053.03.131Palabras clave:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Terapéuticos, Replicación viral, Citoquinas, Paraguay, ChileResumen
La pandemia de COVID-19, causada por SARS-CoV-2, es considerara la mayor emergencia sanitaria en un siglo. Clínicamente, la mayoría de los pacientes tienen síntomas leves a moderados. Sin embargo, pacientes de edad avanzada o con comorbilidades pueden desarrollar una de las complicaciones más severas de COVID-19, es decir, el síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas. Actualmente, no existen tratamientos aprobados para SARS-CoV-2. Mientras tanto, las estrategias terapéuticas se basan en la experiencia previa con otros virus. En este artículo se revisarán los diferentes agentes terapéuticos propuestos para el tratamiento de COVID-19 basados en el bloqueo e inhibición del ciclo de vida viral de SARS-CoV-2, y para el tratamiento del síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas. Se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed. Entre los principales objetivos terapéuticos contra el SARS-CoV-2 están la proteína estructural principal Spike y las enzimas virales proteasa similar a la 3-quimotripsina, la proteasa viral similar a la papaína y la ARN-polimerasa dependiente de ARN. Remdesivir, un antiviral análogo a la adenosina que inhibe a la ARN-polimerasa dependiente de ARN, es considerado el fármaco más prometedor en el tratamiento de COVID-19. No obstante, su eficacia aún no se ha determinado. En el síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas, la lesión tisular causada por el virus puede inducir la producción exagerada de citoquinas proinflamatorias como la interleucina-6. Tocilizumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal que bloquea receptores de interleucina-6 y corticosteroides como la metilprednisolona pueden ser opciones terapéuticas en el tratamiento de la severidad del síndrome.
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