Impacto del estrés oxidativo sobre las lesiones cutáneas causadas por radiaciones ionizantes
Palabras clave:
radiaciones ionizantes, estrés oxidativo, especies reactivas del oxígeno, pielResumen
RESUMEN Los efectos inducidos por exposición de manera accidental o terapéutica a dosis de radiaciones ionizantes inducen varios eventos celulares que afectan el proceso de cicatrización de la piel, y tiene gran impacto en la prognosis y supervivencia de individuos afectados. La información existente sobre los efectos nocivos por altas exposiciones a radiaciones proviene a partir de los accidentes ocurridos por las bombas atómicas en Hiroshima y Nagasaki produciendo problemas de salud por leucemias y linfomas en los sobrevivientes. El síndrome de radiación aguda (SRA) generalmente inicia durante las dos horas inmediatas posteriores a la exposición, y la severidad de las lesiones depende de la dosis y del tiempo de exposición. El desarrollo de las lesiones por el daño como efectos tardíos a exposiciones por radiaciones es más complejo y determina no únicamente el daño al parénquima celular sino también se presentan daños en el tejido vascular y en otros tejidos de soporte. Al menos parcialmente estos eventos se presentan a consecuencia del estrés oxidativo generado por el excesivo incremento de especies reactivas del oxígeno (EROs). Se han estado estudiando componentes comerciales como blancos potenciales para la prevención de los daños causados por radiaciones en piel que tienen una amplia actividad contra múltiples citocinas involucradas en los procesos de la lesión cutánea y por otro lado se están estudiando fármacos que reaccionan con los radicales libres o indirectamente inhiben la expresión de las enzimas que generan la producción de EROs o bien aumentan la expresión de enzimas antioxidantes intracelulares.
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