Importancia del control glucémico posprandial en el paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Palabras clave:
Diabetes, incretinas, hiperglucemia posprandial, riesgo cardiovascular, agonistas de receptores de GLP-1Resumen
La hiperglucemia postprandial es frecuente en personas con diabetes mellitus, incluso cuando el control metabólico general parece adecuado, según los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada. Estudios han demostrado la relación entre los valores de glucemia postprandial y enfermedad cardiovascular, independientemente de los valores de glucemia plasmática en ayunas. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una patología progresiva y las fluctuaciones postprandiales de la glucemia parecen desempeñar un papel significativo en sus complicaciones vasculares. Las diferentes Guías de Práctica Clínica hacen énfasis en la individualización de la propuesta terapéutica y enfatizan la necesidad de sacar al paciente rápidamente del estado de hiperglucemia, combinando precozmente cambios del estilo de vida con farmacoterapia, en una progresión rápida a doble y triple terapia no insulínica o instalación temprana de insulinoterapia, combinada con otros fármacos. Un enfoque racional basado en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad ha permitido un notable desarrollo de la oferta fármaco-terapéutica. Es importante analizar las opciones de intervención terapéutica sobre la hiperglucemia postprandial, dadas las experiencias negativas relacionadas con la optimización del control y las dudas sobre la seguridad de los medicamentos. Analizadas todas las alternativas para el control de la glucemia postprandial, en el momento actual las intervenciones más eficaces serían los incretinomiméticos (GLP1ag y DPP-4I) con mayores beneficios sobre la GPP, la HbA1c y el peso. El objetivo general para los pacientes con DMT2 es una HbA1c ≤ 7%, con el fin de disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones, pero es razonable individualizar el tratamiento, balanceando riesgos, beneficios y costos de la terapéutica planteada.
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