Metformina y su rol más allá del control glucémico: una revisión narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18004/Palabras clave:
Metformina, Mecanismo de acción, Revisión, Potenciales efectos más allá de glucemia.Resumen
Esta revisión narrativa sobre la metformina con objetivo de abordar potenciales beneficios más
allá de su efecto como antidiabético oral bien reconocido. Se realizó una sinopsis histórica,
análisis de su mecanismo de acción y de la evidencia acumulada sobre otros beneficios de
la droga más allá del control glucémico. Los estudios en humanos iniciaron en los años 50
por el médico francés Jean Sterne e introducida como medicación en Francia, en 1957. Es la
medicación antidiabética oral más ampliamente utilizada, sola o combinada, en el tratamiento
de la diabetes tipo 2, en todas las Guías o Consensos de Manejo. Actúa fundamentalmente
a nivel hepático disminuyendo el gasto hepático de glucosa e incrementando ligeramente la
insulinosensibilidad y a nivel intestinal actúa sobre la absorción de glucosa. En las últimas
dos décadas se la ha analizado en cuanto a potenciales efectos beneficiosos más allá del
control glucémico y metabólico: una aparente acción o efecto antiinflamatorio, actuando
eventualmente sobre el proceso de envejecimiento, como “droga de la edad”, además, acciones
a nivel neuromuscular, en trastornos neurovasculares o degenerativos y con aparentes
beneficios en algunas patologías oncológicas. A casi siete décadas de uso de metformina
resulta evidente que la misma ejerce efectos pleiotrópicos más allá del manejo de la disglucemia
de grado variable. Además del efecto antihiperglucemiante, destaca particularmente el efecto
antiinflamatorio, el antitumoral, antiaterosclerósico y antiobesidad. Sin embargo, muchos de
los mecanismos mediante los cuales está siempre sorprendente medicación ejerce estos y
otros efectos, quedan aún por ser mejor estudiados y comprendidos.
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