CAPE Vulnerability Index: Compassion, Assertive Action, Pragmatism and Evidence - Version for Latin America and the Caribbean (CAPE VI - LAC) “Globalisation, conflict, climate change, natural disasters: putting mental health into foreign policy”
Keywords:
Policy, foreign aid, failed state, fragile state, vulnerability, indexAbstract
Introduction: The CAPE Vulnerability Index is a global foreign policy index that identifies the countries to be prioritise for foreign aid. It offers an evidenced, structured and reasoned approach to using aid in bi-lateral agreements with mental health as a foundation. The present version is specifically design for Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, which comprises of 33 countries. Objectives: To identify the countries to be prioritized for foreign aid, through the LAC version of the CAPE Vulnerability Index (CAPE VI-LAC). Materials and methods: Like with the CAPE Vulnerability Index global version we consider various indices or measures at country level that indicate health status or what may influence health. For the analysis we score the worst 20 countries. We used 26 internationally available and validated indicators to explore and perform the analysis. Results: The figures and map show the 32 countries that featured in the worst 20 in at least one indicator and also the worst 12 within the CAPE VI-LAC as a whole. Of the 33 LAC countries only St Kitts and Nevis did not feature in any of the worst 20 countries at any time. Conclusion: What we can conclude with a great degree of certainty that the worst 12 scoring countries are possibly fragile states; countries where the Governments do not have complete control or authority, are often repressive and corrupt, participate in serious human rights abuses and are characterised by political instability of various forms, disadvantage by the extremes of climate changes, extreme poverty, inequality, social and ethnic divisions, unable to provide basic services and suffer from pockets of insurgency in the form of terrorism, which are often violent and brutal. Governments, aid donors, regional organizations, and mental health professionals and associations should work together in order to address these situations.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Persaud A, Day G, Bhugra D, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Torales J, Valsraj K, Bhavsar V, Watson C, Clissold E, Ventriglio A. CAPE Vulnerability Index. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 15:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1738093
Worldometer. Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean [Internet]. United States of America: Worldometer; 2021 [cited 16 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/
The World Bank. The World Bank COVID-19 response in LAC [Internet]. Washington DC: The World Bank; 2021 [cited 16 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/lac/overview#1
United States Agency for International Development. Latin American and The Caribbean [Internet]. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development; 2021 [cited 16 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/where-we-work/latin-american-and-caribbean
British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC Country Profiles [Internet]. London: British Broadcasting Corporation; 2021 [cited 16 Jan 2021]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/country_profiles/default.stm
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook [Internet]. Langley: Central Intelligence Agency; 2021 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/
The World Bank. Countries and economies [Internet]. Washington DC: The World Bank; 2021 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/country
Worldometer. Population [Internet]. United States of America: Worldometer; 2021 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/population/
The Commonwealth. Member countries [Internet]. London: The Commonwealth; 2021 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://thecommonwealth.org/member-countries
World Health Organization. Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation [Internet]. New York: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/legislation/en/
Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, Maggioni F, Evans-Lacko S, Bezborodovs N, et al. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med. 2015;45(1):11-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000129
Corrigan PW, Mittal D, Reaves CM, Haynes TF, Han X, Morris S, et al. Mental health stigma and primary health care decisions. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Aug 15;218(1-2):35-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.028
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Emerging Practices: mental health and psychosocial support in refugee operations during the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 2020 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/5ee2409b4.pdf
United Nations. World Migration Report 2020 [Internet]. Geneva: United Nations; 2020 [cited 17 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf
Persaud A, Bhui K, Ventriglio A, Bhugra D. Refugee Mental Health. In: Bhugra D, Bhui K. Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. pp. 543-551.
Kelly BD. Mental Illness, Human Rights and the Law. 1st ed. London: RCPsych Publications; 2016.
Ruiz P, Bhugra D. Refugees and asylum seekers: conceptual issues. In: Bhugra D, Craig T, Bhui K, eds. Mental Health of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. pp. 1-8.
World Health Organization. WHO Europe Policy Brief on Migration and Health: Mental Health Care for Refugees [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 20 Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/293271/Policy-Brief-Migration-Health-Mental-Health-Care-Refugees.pdf
McGuinness TM, Durand SC. Mental Health of Young Refugees. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2015;53(12):16-18. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20151116-01
Zamani M, Zarghami A. The Refugee and Immigration Crisis in Europe: Urgent Action to Protect the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(5):582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.019
Warfa N, Bhui K, Craig T, Curtis S, Mohamud S, Stansfeld S, et al. Post-migration geographical mobility, mental health and health service utilisation among Somali refugees in the UK: a qualitative study. Health Place. 2006;12(4):503-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.016
Warfa N, Curtis S, Watters C, Carswell K, Ingleby D, Bhui K. Migration experiences, employment status and psychological distress among Somali immigrants: a mixed-method international study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:749. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-749
Avdibegović E, Hasanović M. The Stigma of Mental Illness and Recovery. Psychiatr Danub. 2017;29(Suppl 5):900-905.
Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The impact of Basaglia on Brazilian psychiatry. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2016;62(5):411-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764016642491
Fusar-Poli P, Bruno D, Machado-De-Sousa JP, Crippa J. Franco Basaglia (1924--1980): three decades (1979--2009) as a bridge between the Italian and Brazilian mental health reform. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(1):100-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009344145
Loreto AR, Carvalho CFC, Frallonardo FP, Ismael F, Andrade AG, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Smoking Cessation Treatment for Patients With Mental Disorders Using CBT and Combined Pharmacotherapy. J Dual Diagn. 2017;13(4):238-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2017.1328149
Castaldelli-Maia JM, Loreto AR, Guimarães-Pereira BBS, Carvalho CFC, Gil F, Frallonardo FP, et al. Smoking cessation treatment outcomes among people with and without mental and substance use disorders: An observational real-world study. Eur Psychiatry. 2018;52:22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.02.005
Burti L. Italian psychiatric reform 20 plus years after. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2001;(410):41-46. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.1040s2041.x
Ventriglio A, Bhugra D. Social justice for the mentally ill. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2015;61(3):213-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764015579824
Kaufmann LJ, Buck Richardson WJ Jr, Floyd J, Shore J. Tribal Veterans Representative (TVR) training program: the effect of community outreach workers on American Indian and Alaska Native Veterans access to and utilization of the Veterans Health Administration. J Community Health. 2014;39(5):990-996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9846-6
Engel GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry. 1980 May;137(5):535-44. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.5.535
Torales J, Barrios I, Moreno M. Modelos explicativos en Psiquiatría [Explanatory models in Psychiatry]. Rev. ciente. UCSA. 2017;4(3):59-70. https://doi.org/10.18004/ucsa/2409-8752/2017.004(03)059-070
Castaldelli-Maia JM, Bhugra D. Investigating the interlinkages of alcohol use and misuse, spirituality and culture - Insights from a systematic review. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(3):352-367. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.899999
Torales J, O’Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66(4):317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212.
