Keywords
Lithiasis
Calcium Oxalate
How to Cite
Abstract
Background: Phyllanthus sp. also called “Para para’i” is known for its property to dissolve stones in kidneys, bladder and gallbladder
Objetive: To analyze the effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus sp. on the crystallization of calcium oxalate induced in vitro by evaluating the number and the size of crystals and the number of crystal aggregates.
Methods: Preclinical phase experimental testing, done at the Health Sciences Research Institute. According to the technique of Bensatal et al. three groups were used: Phyllantus sp. to 5%, to 10% and a control group. Two readings were taken: one basal reading and the other at 10 minutes, taking into account the number of crystals / mm3, the size (μm) and the number of aggregates of crystals / mm3. Each trial had six replicates.
Results: The comparisons of the medians of the variation recorded from the control and test solutions were analyzed. A p<0.05 was considered as significant. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between the medians of the number of crystals and the amount of crystal aggregates of the extracts at 5 mg% and 10 mg% with the control group. The association of the crystal size variable, between the control group and the 5% extract, was not significant; with the extract at 10% it was significant.
Conclusion: The extract of Phyllantus sp. decreased the number of aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals. The effects on crystal growth were inconclusive. Phyllantus sp. could prevent the formation of kidney stones. It is suggested that in vitro studies are performed, repeating the experiment with other concentrations and in a larger number of trials, as well as in vivo.
References
López M, Hoppe B. History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol. 1 de enero de 2010;25(1):49.
Borstnar CR, Cardellach F. Farreras Rozman. Medicina Interna. Elsevier España; 2016. 7081 p.
Verkoelen CF, Romijn JC, de Bruijn WC, Boevé ER, Cao L-C, Schröder FH. Association of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals with MDCK cells. Kidney Int. 1 de julio de 1995;48(1):129-38.
Aggarwal A, Singla SK, Tandon C. Urolithiasis: phytotherapy as an adjunct therapy. Indian J Exp Biol. febrero de 2014;52(2):103-11.
Boim MA, Heilberg IP, Schor N. Phyllanthus niruri as a promising alternative treatment for nephrolithiasis. Int Braz J Urol. 2010;36:657-64.
Khan A, Khan SR, Gilani AH. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo antiurolithic activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica. Urol Res. diciembre de 2012;40(6):671-81.
Ramírez D, Ramos C, Requena J, Pinto M, Romero N, Bastidas G. Asociaciones entre nefrolitiasis, citrato y otros metabolitos presentes en orina y suero de pacientes. Gac Médica Boliv. 2015;38:6-10.
Funes P, Echagüe G, Ruiz I, Rivas L, Zenteno J, Guillén R. Perfil de riesgo litogénico en pacientes con urolitiasis en Paraguay. Rev Médica Chile. junio de 2016;144(6):716-22.
Vaitheeswari S, Sriram R, Brindha P, Kurian GA. Studying inhibition of calcium oxalate stone formation: an in vitro approach for screening hydrogen sulfide and its metabolites. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol. 2015;41(3):503-10.
Khan A, Bashir S, Khan SR, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic activity of Origanum vulgare is mediated through multiple pathways. BMC Complement Altern Med. 17 de octubre de 2011;11:96.
Aggarwal A, Tandon S, Singla SK, Tandon C. Diminution of oxalate induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury and inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol. agosto de 2010;36(4):480-488; discussion 488, 489.
Juan Carlos «Caio» Scavone. Remedios naturales del Paraguay [Internet]. Asunción - Paraguay: Editorial Servilibro; 2011. 103 p. Disponible en: http://www.portalguarani.com/841_caio_scavone/17235_remedios_naturales_del_paraguay_2012__por_caio_scavone.html
Bensatal A, Ouahrani MR. Inhibition of crystallization of calcium oxalate by the extraction of Tamarix gallica L. Urol Res. 1 de diciembre de 2008;36(6):283-7.
Wilcoxon F. Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods. Biom Bull. 1945;1(6):80-3.
Ceolin T, Heck RM, Pereira DB, Martins AR, Coimbra VCC, Silveira DSS. Inserción de terapias complementarias en el sistema único de salud atendiendo al cuidado integral en la asistencia. Enferm Glob. 2009;0-0.
Kok DJ, Khan SR. Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, a free or fixed particle disease. Kidney Int. 1 de septiembre de 1994;46(3):847-54.
Wesson JA, Worcester EM, Wiessner JH, Mandel NS, Kleinman JG. Control of calcium oxalate crystal structure and cell adherence by urinary macromolecules. Kidney Int. 53(4):952-7.
Tsujihata M. Mechanism of calcium oxalate renal stone formation and renal tubular cell injury. Int J Urol. 1 de febrero de 2008;15(2):115-20.
Sujatha D, Singh K, Vohra M, Kumar KV, Sunitha S. Antilithiatic Activity of phlorotannin rich extract of Sarghassum Wightii on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiais – In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol. 2015;41(3):511-20.
Beghalia M, Ghalem S, Allali H, Belouatek A, Marouf A. Inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth using Algerian medicinal plants. J Med Plants Res. 31 de marzo de 2008;2(3):066-70.
Saha S, Verma RJ. Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation in vitro by an extract of Bergenia ciliata. Arab J Urol. 1 de junio de 2013;11(2):187-92.
Boim MA, Heilberg IP, Schor N. Phyllanthus niruri as a promising alternative treatment for nephrolithiasis. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol. diciembre de 2010;36(6):657-664; discussion 664.
Atmani F, Khan SR. Effects of an extract from Herniaria hirsuta on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. BJU Int. abril de 2000;85(6):621-5.
Robertson WG, Peacock M, Marshall RW, Marshall DH, Nordin BE. Saturation-inhibition index as a measure of the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation in the urinary tract. N Engl J Med. 29 de enero de 1976;294(5):249-52.
Werness PG, Bergert JH, Smith LH. Crystalluria. J Cryst Growth. 1 de mayo de 1981;53(1):166-81.
Barros ME, Schor N, Boim MA. Effects of an aqueous extract from Phyllantus niruri on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Urol Res. febrero de 2003;30(6):374-9.
Dyer R, Nordin BEC. Urinary Crystals and their Relation to Stone Formation. Nature. 12 de agosto de 1967;215(5102):751-2.
Wesson JA, Ward MD. Role of crystal surface adhesion in kidney stone disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. julio de 2006;15(4):386-93.
Sheng X, Ward MD, Wesson JA. Crystal Surface Adhesion Explains the Pathological Activity of Calcium Oxalate Hydrates in Kidney Stone Formation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1 de julio de 2005;16(7):1904-8.
Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu SR, Saad MS, Stanslas J. Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1 de diciembre de 2006;58(12):1559-70.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gabriela María Núñez Mössner, Camila Alejandra Palacios Pereira, Christopher Daniel Narváez Parra, Luana del Mar Ocariz Philipp, Patricia Funes, Rosa María Guillén Fretes